The Analysis Of Central Character’s Ego-State In The Novel “The Pilgrimage”

This research was aimed to find out the central character’s ego-state in the novel “The Pilgrimage”. It focused on analyzing the central character’s ego-state in the novel “The Pilgrimage”. The method of this research was descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques that used are documentation, reading, re-read identification, note taking and classification. Data analysis techniques was used three step namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification. This research was analyzed by using psychology approaches of Eric Berne Transactional Analysis, especially concerning in Parent, Adult and Child system. The total of parent ego state found six, total of Adult ego state found nine, and total of child ego state found five.


INTRODUCTION
Literature has relationship to the real life since the source of obtained from human life and events that happen in the society. The social phenomena in the society can be reflected in literature because it is mirror human life. Taylor (1981: 1) says that "Literature, like other arts, is essentially an imaginative act that is an act on writer imagination in selecting, ordering, and interpreting life experience". Literature is written imagination that presents information and Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan (JISIP) e- ISSN: 2656-6753, p-ISSN:2598 579 | The Analysis Of Central Character's Ego-State In The Novel "The Pilgrimage": Ahmad Hanan value as work of art. Its purpose is not only to entertain but also give the readers some information and valuable experience about human's life.
Novel has certain messages that are delivered by the author so that the reader gets the abstract experience from the story (Ariani, 2010: 2).
However, the characterization and the problem are creating by author ideas. An author is free to present and to treat each character whoever the person is, though it is different with his own 'world' in real life.
Though are not real people, realize or not, characters are drawn from life. A character is reasonable facsimile of human being. As stated by Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs (1195: 131), in fiction, a character may be defined as a verbal representation of human being.
From the statement above, we can that character cannot be separated from characterization. As lee A. Jacobs (1996: 69) says that character is a person presented in a dramatic narrative work, and characterization is the process by which a writer makes that character seem real to the readers. All of character has different behavior, attraction emotion and so on, but the core story of the novel is related with the central character.
In this study the writer investigate "The Pilgrimage" novel by Paulo Coelho. "The Pilgrimage" novel tells about Paulo experience of his pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela on quest for self-wisdom, self-knowledge. Guided by a mysterious companion, he takes the road santiago, going through a series of trials and test along the way.
In this study the writer focused to analyze the central character's on the dialogue or utterances occur in the Novel "The Pilgrimage" by Paulo Coelho. This analysis device split central character's Ego-state into three aspects, i.e. parent, adult and child or (PAC). The dialogue properties and features enable to analyze and recognize those three aspects by looking at central character's utterance or dialogue among the other are in the novel.
The writer interested to analyze the novel because this novel created by Paulo Coelho, a famous writer from Brazil has been translated into 80 languages and sold in 60 million copies. Not only that this novel also give inspiration for readers who want to get their dreams.Therefore, the writer is interest to investigate how the central character in the Novel "The Pilgrimage" applies his Ego-state.

1.1.Statement of Problems
What are the central character's Ego State used in the Novel "The Pilgrimage" by Paulo Coelho?

1.2.The Purpose of the Study
Based on the statement of the problem above, the purpose of the study to find out the central character's Ego-State in the Novel "The Pilgrimage" by Paulo Coelho.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1.Novel
According to M.H. Abrams (1999: 190) on his book A Glossary of Literary Terms Seventh Edition says that the terms novel is now applied to great variety of writing that have in common only the attribute of being extended works of fiction written in prose. The word novel is derived from a Latin word; Novellus which mean new. It said so because novel is the newest kind of literary works beside poetry, drama, etc. Watt in The Rise of the Novel (2001: 35) suggests that the novel came into being in the early 18th century; the genre has also been described as possessing 'a continuous and comprehensive history of about two thousand years".
Novel is a prose fiction representing a way of life or experience. They range from slight recollections of small part of live an experience to the most complete and detailed accounts imaginable they vary form the lightest to the most serious experience and events faced by man. Hawthron (2001:102) states that novel is fictions prose narrative or table od considerable length (now usually long enough to fill one more volumes) n which characters and actions representative of the real life of past or present time are portrayed in a plot of more or less complexity. From explanation the above, it can be concluded that novel is a fictional and thought in complex story. It does not bound by a specific reference in terms of quantity of writing. It has some element which is intrinsic elements and extrinsic elements.

2.2.Ego-State
Ego is reflecting oneself, dynamically changing, as the result of surrounding situation and condition. The three states likely whispering or reaction or respond, latter will be termed as transactional respond, to succeeding our onto a particular situation and condition, both of them later termed as a transactional stimulus, underlie our mental process in the inner system. When we understand the ego-state or-position of someone, thus we can understand her/his personality.
The transactional respond might be in the form of action, speech, though and feeling. It occurs consistently in one's physical or mental behaviors, in which the action in harmony with one's speech, feeling and thought. Though, the three 'person' inside us are not concrete, but rather virtual entities. However, in certain conditions, those inner entities might become visible, can be seized by the five senses and possibly appreciable obviously.
Mostly, theories in psychology employ abstract and rational terms to describe personality. The concepts are lucid, understandable by the thought, but difficult to be seized by the five senses. Freudian psychologists still employ three terms to describe personality, Ego, Super Ego and Id. Those terms or mental entities are quite hard to be grasped since the abstract property within them leads to complex views. In contrary, transactional analysis is hard to be defining rationally within obvious definition but easily grasped by our human sense.
The ego-state of every individual consists of those three mental elements i.e. parent, adult, and child or be abbreviated as PAC. Each of ego state contains some particular characteristic that can be found and analyzed inside any individual. We can recognize which of them is working in particular event by analyzing someone's utterances the way of thinking and uttering, feeling, attitude, and behavior.
According to Eric Berne (Corsini& Wedding, 1989). Then the ego state is divided into three kinds based on structural and functional i.e.:

2.3.Parent
Everyone has experience the influence of parents or from other figures acted as parents, like grandparents or caretakers in their childhood. The kind of influence then identified by Berne as the constructed mental entity namely Parent (first letter always be capitalized, also for Adult and Child) system. The influence can be obviously shown in our behavior, way of thinking, and feeling. For instance, our childhood memory recorded how our parents always forbid us to play dirty or impure stuffs within negative impacts, since then, might be brought until adolescence, we always remind ourselves to stay away from those kinds of stuffs to avoid the impacts on us.
The parent system re-conducts enormous set of data in one's brain about peripheral proceedings knowledgeable or apparent in the first five years of her/his ages. Since most of the peripheral knowledge provided by parents or parent-lie figures, the ego state then identified as Parent.
In this concern , the real meaning of parent, as commonly used in daily context, is tend to be different to the Parent we have in transactional analysis. Though, it has a vague association to the real concept of parent in relative discourse of human social interaction.
A child is stated to have been developing her/his parent state since the childhood. In the page of 1 to 5, a child absorbs input of her/his behavior without any ability to select beyond all things from the parents. Paul de Blot (2009: 27) emphasize the keywords for this ego-state as "I have to…" since the real parents always give 'command' to their children, as they have position to do so.
Based on all explanation, we may synthesize the characteristic of Parent system in an individual as follows: always verbal involves judgments utterance, their utterance contains criticism, patronizing language, and prohibitive.

2.4.Adult
As the writer has discussed earlier, a Parent system began to develop since the child age, either the Adult system as well. This second side of personality is can be recognized by its function to enable someone to observe a reality. Blot (2009: 28) calls it as function of fact finding and reality testing system. The Adult will be activated when someone honest, punctual, and rational, in those behavior someone will only give sober conception without judgment.
In further formulation, Berne determines that be Adult system decodes stimuli from the external sources becoming information. The information is than processed and stored by the previous experiences of someone. Harries tries explain the Adult system differently. He states that the Adult is just like a data processing computer, which grinds out decision after computing the information from three sources, i.e. the Parent, Child, and Some examples of utterances might bring a brighter understanding of what being called as Adult in an individual: "It's unbelievable" "Have you tried them?" "It would be better if we light the lamp" A more comprehensive example for the Adult can be seen in the following utterances within the context underlie: In the example, we can see how Tom validates hi mom's warning about playing with dangerous stuffs like matches. This kind of validation is referred to the Parent system inside the child, but he employs his Adult system to validate it.
The Adult system tends to perform some following characteristic, i.e. such as why, what, how, where, when, how much, in that way, comparative expression, reasoned statements, true, false, probably, possibly, I think, I realize, I see, I believe, and in my opinion. The adult is really recommended to anyone as it grows positive personality and balanced-psychology.
Based on the explanations above the characteristic of Adult system are, responsible and respect each other, consideration behavior, not emotional and convey something rationally to a concrete situation that occurs at that time and use common sense.

2.5.Child
The last ego-state in an individual is the Child. This system viewed as one's behavior, way of thinking, and feeling which re-performing and continuing her/his childhood. Even a decrepit granny can perform her Child system in her attitude, such as indulgent like a young girl. She re-emerges physical or psychological events in that ages, primarily her creativity and intuition. The pattern of the Child might be variously unconsciously occurred in everyone, in particular moment of life.
The child system stored much experience involving emotion of feelings, which associated with external events. This also influenced by local values and culture in which a child growing. For instance, since she has was a child Susi, an Indonesian women, learned of respecting older people. This memory is taken to her adolescent and behaves her in the same manner or perception when she becomes a mature person.
Generally, the Child in a personality tends to produces utterances as expression of feeling or emotion, can be a pleasure or sadness, cheerfulness, scare, loneliness, anger, and other. Blot (2009: 31) mentions the keywords for Child system is 'I want…' The examples for the appearance of the system can be seen from the following utterances.
"I don't like…" "I hate…' "I can't do this, I will never able to..." "That's your fault, I'd better go home" Those examples perform how someone react or behave such as childish person. We may also see the childhood memory in certain expression, such as: "The old lady in the house reminds me about my fussy aunty as she always mumbling to everyone who is passing her house" Simplifying the characteristic of the Child system may help us to comprehend the system and be able to recognize it in the analysis. The summary will be: physicalemotionally and expression, depressions, despair, temper tantrum, rolling eyes, shrugging shoulders, teasing, delight, laughter, speaking behind hand, raising hand to speak. In its verbal repertoire, the Child system performs verbal-baby talk, such as wish, I don't know, I want, I am going to, I don't, oh no, not again, things never go rights for me, worst day of my life, bigger, biggest, many superlatives, word to impress.
As what have been discussed in this part on how three 'person' inside someone replace one another in forming attitudes and behavior. Those three ego-state are distinguished by a consist pattern of feeling and experience which emerge harmoniously. All there are substitutable in someone and the strongest state will win a certain condition and will represent the person in that condition.
Based on the theory above we can conclude that Ego-state has characteristic are selfish behavior and spontaneous, aggressive behavior and short thinking, grumpy, cowardly, complaining, and spoiled.

RESEARCH METHOD
To obtain the properly data in this study the writer employs qualitative descriptive to reveal the Central Character's Ego-State on the Novel "The Pilgrimage" by Paulo Coelho. According to Huberman (1994: 01) Qualitative research is research procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of word written or spoken about the properties of an individual, the state of the symptoms of particular group can be observed 3.

1.Data
The data in this study is divided into two types:Primary data ,The primary data in this study is (Ego-state) in "The Pilgrimage" novel by Paulo Coelho which published on 1987.Secondary data. The secondary data in this study were taken from novel another source such as thesis, journal, article, book and internet.

3.2.Techniques of Data Collection
Data collection technique is the most strategies part in the research because the aim of a research is to get the data.

3.3.Documentation
Creswell (2012: 223) "Documentation consists of public records that qualitative researches obtain about a site or participant in a study, and they can include newspaper, minutes of meetings, personal journal, and letters". There are two types of document; public document and private document. Pubic document consist of personal journal and dairies, letter, personal notes, and jottings individual to write themselves.

3.4.Close-Reading
The writer collected the data from the novel by reading in order to get accurate data. The writer was reads the Novel "The Pilgrimage" by Paulo Coelho from the first page until the end of the page and to understand the story deeply.

3.5.Re-Reading
The writer of this study re-read the novel to find out the relevant data focused on the Central Character's Ego-state in the "The Pilgrimage" novel by Paulo Coelho.

3.6.Identification
After the writer reads the novel from the first until the end, and will continue with identified the central character's ego-state based on theory.

3.7.Note-taking
Process of making a note is after the writer finished the identification the data belong to the central character's ego-state in "The Pilgrimage" novel. Note taking in script is the activity to make a not in processing to collects the data in order to process sufficient and cut order time

3.8.Classification
Classificationsmeaningfully and systematically into a standard format that is useful for determining the similarity of ideas, events, objects or persons. The preparation of a classification means the creation of an exhaustive and structur set of mutually exclusive and well-describe categories, often presentas a hierarchy that is reflect by the numeric or alphabetical codes assigned to them. (Eivind Hoffmann and Mary Chamie1999: 2). The writer used classification in technique of data collection for to know of ego state used by the central characters in order that writer can differentiate or classifying the types of ego state and the meaning of ego state itself.

3.9.Technique of Data Analysis
According to Miles and Huberman (1994: 10-11) data analysis is the process to find out and arranging the data have been analyzed from the result of data collection in specific period.
The writer used interactive model to analyze the data. According to Miles and Huberman 1994:10-11) this model showing the steps to analyze the data those are data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing verification. According to (Miles and Huberman 1994: 10-11)) there are three components to analyze the data, namely: Data Reduction, Data Display, Conclusion Drawing and Verification.

Finding 4.1.1. Parent system "I must t know what happened " (Paulo Coelho: 95)
The writer concluded that the quotation above its belong to parent system working, because it can be seen from the one word as the indication of parent system working on his utterance like word "must". Must is very common word used by many people in all over the world for communicating, spoken and written indication that anything cannot be denied or canceled, it's mean must be done weather the result of positive or negative at the end of speaking. By speaking use word must is very seldom the result is positive because it seen be force and everything they do without thinking. It's commonly happen not only in informal conversation but also in formal situation.

"You're being very cruel, Petrus. Isn't there anyone here who can be saved? "Of course there is.(Paulo Coelho: 114)
A Leader in a group often showing his Parent instead of Adult and Child because he considered he knows everything than the others, and he guest no body be able to rejected his idea or wishes. It's often happen in big meeting in a discussion about something.
The writer concluded based on the quotation above the central character of this novel Paulo show his parents system working by saying "you're very cruel" this word categorized into parent system working because the central character Paulo judgment Petrus first before knowing what he really wanted to do.

"I could not believe what he was saying. He pulled out the map and showed me the distance: seventeen kilometers.
In finding something or visiting something by specific purpose we need guidance whether in the form of maps, tour guide. But sometime they don't believe with maps available or guide even though it true.
The writer concluded that the quotation above refers to Parent system working cause of the central character in this novel he doesn't believe with maps given to him as his guidance to reach the location he visit. This parent system working in his brain pointed out by saying "I don't believe" this categorized utterance for Parent system working.

"I had argued that in the Tradition, there was always an involvement with God. God but that is was complex one. The faith to God, for me was quite different from the one we were following on the Road Santiago. (Paulo: 58).
Sometimes people can't receive suggestions or solutions. Can't accept good feedback from others and insist on his own. In that case, he is adamant with his opinion.
One must have immense patience to find out what is true; most of us are impatient to get on. To find out result to achieve a success, a goal. A certain state of happiness. I think practice and perseverance to seek without end in order to get state of being. in which we can be happy, peaceful and supported with the realizing what we want to do or achieved must be appropriated with skill to avoid from failure .The highly thinking want to achieved the highly talented it wil will be, so the balancing need to be evaluated.
The writer concluded the central character of this novel showing his parent system working in his brain by saying "I had argued" this sentence categorized that the central character utterance belong to parent because the do it without thinking deeply in making decision in his journey to get something. The reason why the writer concluded that the utterance belong to parent based on the theory or concept psychology.

Adult system " I began to look at my watch every minute and found that he was right. The more I ooked at it, the more slowly the minutes passed. I decided to takes his advice, and I put the watch back in my knapsack." (Paulo Coelho: 49).
Generally Human who have much knowledge in their life will effect to all whether in communicating or in acting, and all problems decided by well-designed, supporting by knowledge itself to avoid from misunderstanding in making decision or to avoid from social jealousy. Therefore they always catch their idea or opinion properly.
The writer concluded that the quotation above belong to adult system working especially the utterance appeared by saying ". I decided to takes his advice", its mean the central character received all suggestion given by his guide. In theory of psychology that the utterances like mentioned on the quotation belong to Adult system working.

"I should not have put him down', Petrus said about the waiter after we had left. ' I mean, after all, he didn't spill that coffee on me but on the world he hated."
In making decision people not only takes one reference but it will use many referenced to avoid from failure of planning or ideas. This needed to be considered true, positive thinking, positive acting.
The first quotation is related with the second quotation because at the same situation and condition but in different location. The second quotation it's talking about doubtfully in making the session but he always showing his well be have to the others, the first quotation focus on suggestion and second quotation and showing will be have even though he was little bet worry about it. So the writer of this study concluded adult system working because of all of well accepted "I'm ready to discuss', I told Petrus. I have to know what happened today". The good planning and well ambition not depend on abstract thinking or illusion but also supported by knowledge, evaluation and research. So that the effect of planning and ambition to reach it properly. The more knowledge and evaluation the better result it will be. This is clear theories it very command happened.
The writer concluded, based on the quotation above that the central character shows the adult ego-state he wants to consider by telling Petrus "I'm ready to discuss again" to know what really happened. Therefore, the quote above can be categorized into the parent ego-state because based on the theory of someone who has an Ego state parent before acting they always think carefully and objectively before deciding something with common sense.

I remembered what Petrus had said about people being content with very little. I decided not to press my point of view, and I move to another bench.
Creating the happiness and joyful for other people are needed because the motivation that can lead them to be successful person in all side. One give freely thinking and opinions is very important aspect and other they will keep going to do anything even though there are many problem and high risk they faced.
The writerconcluded that the quotation above belong to adult system working because the central character Paulo Coelho give the opportunity to express their idea in his creasing. As we know the theory of psychology applied by Eric Berne always giving supported to other in making something.

I knew my faults, and many times I had doubted whether he could succeed in guiding me along road.
Sometimes someone often underestimates the abilities that person has. Everyone makes mistakes, whether intentional or unintentional. as adults we have to think more carefully before judging someone's abilities.
The writer concluded, based on the quotation above, the central character Paulo realizes his mistake by doubting Petrus's ability as his guide. because in Eric Berne's psychology theory, someone who is showing his adult ego-state has the characteristic of showing wisdom by realizing his mistakes.

And what about you? I asked, also for the thousand time, knowing what her answer would be. I'm going where I have to go, and there I will leave what has been unrested to me. I know you can'. I answered.
In harmony life husband and wife must be understood each other, belief, appreciate, receive differences, release kelemahan each other and take care togetherness. So this family always happy.
Based on the quotation above the writer concluded that the central character, namely Paulo, is in of Adult ego-state. By telling his wife "I know you can".
"I have a good guide ". One can predict and read someone behavior attitude, personality, and ego by looking at the conversation, utterance, and sentences, acting. but his own knowledge or discipline knowledge because every knowledge be able to recognize, predict anything it will happened wither positive result or negative result. Because they only God knowing everything before end future.
The writer concluded that the quotation above belong to adult system working because the central character shows his appreciation of his guide who has guided him along the journey by saying "I have good guide". There are some people postpone their planning even though the planning has been well designed by them but the cancellation is happened because of it has special reason or high risk will happen and this idea it's really good to avoid from doubtful The writer concluded that Paulo Coelho is the central characters in this novel feel unself-confident in doing anything whether the planning will bring positive effect or negative effect. "postpone" is categorized in child ego-state Quotation 2

Kita disini karena keputusanmu, kataku agak kesal direstoran bandara."Aku tidak tau ini akan berhasil karena aku membiarkan orang lain memutuskan aku harus mencari pedangku. (Paulo Coelho:19). We here because of your decision', I said glumly now in the airport restaurant. I don't know of this will even work, since I let another person make the decision for me to seek out my sword'.
Sometimes people someone in doing discussion or making plans cannot receive the advice or solutions that someone gives. This is caused someone by fear of the result obtained whether successful or not.
Based on the quotation above, the writer concluded the Child ego-state can be seen from the central character of this novel, when Paulo as the central character says "we here because of you "I said glumly. Glumly is a character of someone is in Child Egostate.
"I want to keep the ball; I answered, without much conviction. Actually, I wanted the relic.
In life sometimes a person is so selfish when he wants to have something even though the item is not that important to him.Not only in children, can these traits also be found in parents.
Based on the quotation above the central character is Paulo show the child ego state when he said " I want to keep the ball" I answered, without much conviction. Here Paulo was not sure what he wanted .

DISCUSSION
A stated in the previous chapter, this study was concluded in order revealed the Parent, Adult, and Child of Paulo as the central character in the novel "The Pilgrimage" by Paulo Coelho. Based on the data obtained in the novel "The Pilgrimage" , the personality of the central character was found out and analyzed by the theory applied in previous chapter, the personality of the central character can be clarified and mentioned suitable with the number at the Parent, Adult, and Child, it seems the dominant personality is Adult.
First the Adult is the second personality in us called adult or in daily language means adult. Adult experience more independent of the Parent experience, but more limited in reality of the situation. Even I the situation is the same, each Adult was voted in different way. Then the resulting reaction is also different in behavior, thinking and feeling. In Paulo character aspect of Adult were found 9.
Second, the child is within us there is still a third personality, called child system. In general , child pronounce word expression of feeling pleasant or sad, excitement, fear, loneliness, anger, affection, frustration and so forth. In Paulo character aspect of child were found 5.
Third the Parent is activities, values speech, or the view that you learn and you copied from parents, teachers, and other parents figure is an element of Parent. In this case, the parent ego-state in Paulo personality, were found 6.

CONCLUSION
Ego state is component personality that is practical and rational. Based on the human ego to find satisfaction and enjoyment by the fact (Reality) and reacted with a secondary process. Objective reality principle is looking for the right object (matching) to reduce the voltage arising in the organism, the writer found that Ego state (Parent system, Adult system and Child system). Ego aspect contained in the novel "The Pilgrimage".
Parent system it's mean that a person is in a state of having the same thoughts as one of the parent and responding as the parent did, with the same posture, gesture, vocabulary, feelings. In this condition a person tends to criticize, punish, control, prejudice, patronize and prohibit.
Adult system is the period of development of the ego. If people behave rationally, do reality testing, then the individual is said to be in the Adult ego state. Adult system can be seen