An Analysis of Diversity Inventory of Typical Sciences of the Donggo Tribe in Science Learning Based on an Ethnoscience Approach in Elementary Schools

This study aims to identify and examine various forms of ethno-scientific activity from the customs of the Donggo people in the form of a science inventory that can be used in learning science in elementary schools. The method in this study is a qualitative method using an ethnoscience approach. The data collection process was carried out through open interviews with the indigenous people of Donggo (Bima) in order to obtain inventory data so that it could be further analyzed and described. As a result, original science which is a cultural heritage by the Donggo people can be used as a recommendation for learning science, especially in class IV, which can be taught scientifically to elementary school students. on plant material.


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a country that has great cultural diversity in it.Mira, S., (2015) said that the Indonesian nation is a multicultural nation (many cultures).When viewed from the meaning of diversity itself with the existing cultural diversity, it can be said that basically Indonesian culture varies.Research conducted by the Central Statistics Agency in 2010 found that there are various kinds of ethnic groups in Indonesia, between ethnic groups have various differences, and this is what forms diversity in Indonesia (Siska, D., 2017).For this reason, learning Natural Sciences (IPA) as part of education has a very important role in responding to issues in society about learning Natural Sciences which can be linked to cultural diversity in the local area.
Natural Science learning activities (IPA) carried out in elementary schools can provide opportunities for students to practice developing science skills.Of course, this can make students able to have a scientific attitude in carrying out the learning process, including being able to examine what is in the science learning activity itself.Science learning basically contains three main dimensions which include products, processes and scientific attitudes (Juniati, N. W., & Widiana, I. W., 2017).Likewise in learning, some community traditions that are included in the form of local wisdom carried out by the majority of the community can be carried out and studied scientifically and this can be proven through science learning from a scientific point of view.Prayekti inside Ardianto, D., & Rubini, B. (2016) said that Natural Sciences (IPA) has a very important role in preparing students to be able to have literacy activities such as in terms of critical thinking, creative, logical and initiative towards science activities in response to issues on the impact of science and technology developments in society.Likewise, local wisdom in the Donggo tribe can be studied using a scientific approach.
The Donggo tribe is the indigenous people of the community located in the province of West Nusa Tenggara, who are residents who live in the mountains and highlands in the western and southeastern parts of the Bima bay.Inayati, N., (2016) said that the indigenous people of the Donggo tribe are commonly called the Donggo Ele people who live around the Lambitu mountains, while Donggo Ipa live to the west of Bima bay, which is in the Soromandi mountain range.The Donggo people generally have unique traditions in their daily life.By utilizing nature as a good part in the form of regional local wisdom.S.S. Geriya, Gobyah and Ridwan said that local wisdom is a community behavior that from generation to generation will develop into a behavior that is embedded and firmly held and followed by the community in an area (Ihlas, I., & Kaharuddin, K. (2020).Many traditions in the Donggo Tribe are presented in a science inventory which is packaged in science learning activities, which of course studies are carried out scientifically based on the context of science by mixing community culture with scientific studies in an ethnocentric manner.
Ethnoscience itself is a study of knowledge activities that are developed based on a cultural perspective with natural phenomena that occur.Suastra., (2006) in Shidiq, A. S. (2016) said that ethnoscience or it can be said as genuine science (indigenous science) is a knowledge system that is developed then clarifies objects and activities against natural phenomena, where genuine science has a process of observation, clarification and problem-solving activities by incorporating all aspects of native culture.This means that the culture that develops in society can be studied scientifically using ethnos scientific studies.Sudarmin and Pujiastuti, S., E., (2015) said that ethnoscience is an organized learning activity in a system of knowledge taken from local culture and wisdom of the community and then associated with certain natural phenomena and events.Through an ethno-science approach to the material being studied by students, students will not see that science is part of a foreign culture that develops in society, but is seen as part of the culture and local wisdom presented.Sudarmin, Pujiastuti, S., E, Suastra and Aikenhead Shidiq, A. S. (2016) said that the way to teach ethnoscience-based science learning can be done with a student center (focused on students) to be able to improve students' responses to science activities and to increase the practical use of science itself, such as human values and the relationship that exists between individuals and their environment.
Previous research has also examined cultural inventories, but what distinguishes these two studies is the ethnicity used as an ethnocentric study.The study conducted by previous researchers named Supriyadi and Evy Nurvitasari was conducted in 2019 intended for junior high school science learning with research methods using observation, participants, in-depth interviews and documentation.The results obtained from previous research are that there are 11 original science topic points that have logical explanations that can be scientifically used in science learning in the form of original science data about the Malind tribe which can be used as a reference or illustration in science learning conducted at school.Meanwhile, the research conducted by the current research is focused on learning conducted on elementary school students who study original science with scientific studies on learning science material for elementary school students.
The purpose of this research is to find out and examine various forms of ethno scientific activity from the habits of the Donggo people which can then be studied scientifically in a conceptualized form in the form of a scientific inventory that can be used in contextual teaching Natural Sciences (IPA) as a form of local wisdom of the community.Ethnoscience-based learning activities essentially do not separate themselves from cultural science and local wisdom that develop in society which can later be used as an approach in learning that can be used to increase students' motivation and interest in science.

RESEARCH METHODS
This research is a type of qualitative research using an ethnoscience approach.Researchers in this case act as direct participants in conducting research.The ethnocentric approach is a study that examines original science with a scientific study of the traditions of the Donggo people.The data collection process was carried out through open interviews with the indigenous people of the Donggo (Bima) Tribe.The data were then analyzed by presenting the results of the interviews which were then reviewed and compared the results of the interviews conducted by the researchers with explanations carried out scientifically (science).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the results of data collection carried out, it was found that the traditions that developed in the Donggo people had genuine scientific content.In carrying out this research, the researcher explored the traditions or habits carried out by the Donggo people regarding the use and utilization of resources provided by nature, marriage traditions and daily traditions of the community which are described in the form of regional local wisdom.
The original science that developed in the Donggo people was then interpreted based on the results of observations made in the Donggo people in depth by following rules related to the scientific method.The original findings of science on the Donggo tribe can be described in the following table The results of the research above can be taught to elementary school students who are carried out scientifically in class IV where the material is covered in material on the structure and function of plants, styles, and resource utilization.In order for the data obtained to be valid, the researcher carried out a triangulation process, where the data was obtained from indigenous tribal people who inhabit the Donggo Ipa area (Donggo District and Soromandi District).The results of the triangulation obtained from observations and interviews with the indigenous people of the Donggo Ipa tribe were then compared with the results of a literature study.The community groups belonging to the Donggo (Dou Donggo) tribe include those who inhabit the Bajo, Doridungga, O'o, Kala, Manggekompo, Jango, Mpili, Mbawa, and so on areas.
The results of data collection showed that in the construction of uma leme, the community did not have a definite reason for the shape of the roof which was leme (soaring high), but they believed that the construction of houses in the A shape could maintain the robustness of their dwellings/dwellings when an earthquake occurred.The manufacturing process also still uses traditional materials, uma leme is believed to have a magical/supernatural meaning, even though its existence has now begun to fade, in the Mbawa region it still stores and preserves uma leme.The following is an excerpt of the interview conducted: From the results of these interviews, it was found that the activity of building houses (uma leme) by the Donggo tribe was carried out by analyzing the heritage from their ancestors.In addition to building houses (uma leme), the Donggo people (Donggo/dou Donggo people) also have unique traditions, namely the Kapanca map, boho oi nude, and the Kalei Bunti tradition.This tradition is a series of traditional wedding events carried out by the bride as a form of gratitude because soon a woman will let go of her bachelor period and will assume responsibility as a wife who will serve her husband, take care of the children and the household she is fostering.However, in recent times, along with the times, these traditions have begun to fade due to the impact of technological progress itself.The following are excerpts from interviews with the indigenous people of the Donggo tribe.The Donggo tribe is a tribe that has a very strong tradition and is attached to the hearts of its people.Even in the midst of progress, this tradition is still being carried out.The beautiful and cool nature in the highlands of the Donggo tribe region has resulted in many plants provided by nature to be enjoyed and used by the local community to be used as medicine or traditional ingredients, which until now amid increasing medical activity, the Donggo tribe still preserves these ingredients for the main alternative before using alternative concoction drugs.The following is an excerpt from an interview about one of the heat-reducing ingredients in children.The original scientific activities found in the Donggo people are interactions and activities that are still being carried out today.Not only the traditional traditions and medicinal herbs that exist in the Donggo tribe, but other traditions such as art, musical instruments, dance, and so on are a form of attachment between humans and nature.The philosophy that occurs cannot be separated from the interaction between humans and nature.The development of the times that is happening now will certainly allow for a cultural shift to occur between communities in the Donggo tribe.So that in order to preserve the original science activities which are reflected in the form of regional local wisdom, it is necessary to have a study that will link the original science with the science that is studied scientifically in terms of concepts, theories and legally based on laboratory tests.It is hoped that this will provide a different and certainly new nuance in teaching science to elementary school students who are close to their lives according to the findings of previous researchers.

CONCLUSION
Based on the results and discussion above, I can synthesize and at the same time draw a conclusion that genuine scientific activity in the Donggo tribe is a real experience carried out by humans with what is in nature, original science which is a cultural heritage by the Donggo people.which can be used as a science learning recommendation that can be taught scientifically in class IV where the material is covered in material on the structure and function of plants, styles, environmental influences, natural resources, and so on.The suggestion that the researcher gives is that learning activities carried out in elementary schools, especially in science/science learning, should be taught by linking genuine science activities that occur in society, so that learning becomes very enjoyable because there is a close cultural blend with the community that is studied scientifically.so that here students will get two things in their knowledge activities towards learning science: first about science material, the second about original science material based on community activities using scientific studies scientifically.So that in this case the learning activities will be very fun and the usefulness value will be obtained directly by students for the learning activities carried out.

Table 1 .
The activities of the Donggo tribe in utilizing the resources provided in nature and tradition in certain events in terms of explanation natural science and scientific science explanation