Criminal Liability of Educational Corporations: an Analysis of Systemic Negligence in Schools in The Mitigation of Bullying and the Psychological Impact of Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58258/a2jd6449Abstract
Bullying in educational institutions frequently leaves victims with prolonged psychological trauma, yet sanctions against education-providing legal entities remain confined to administrative measures such as written warnings, accreditation deferral, or licence revocation. This pattern produces institutional impunity: the entity benefits from its operations but escapes criminal law even when it is shown to have tolerated violence. The article addresses two questions. First, how the attribution of criminal liability for omissions in bullying mitigation can be reconstructed through Identification Theory within Articles 45–50 of the 2023 Criminal Code. Second, how the juridical parameters of systemic negligence can be formulated through Corporate Culture Theory as a basis for criminal liability for violations of students’ psychological integrity. Employing normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, comparative (the Philippines, Japan, South Korea), and case approaches, the study finds that Articles 45–50 already provide a sufficient legal entrance for corporate attribution. Operationalising it requires combining Identification Theory, to identify whose negligence is attributable to the corporation, with Corporate Culture Theory, to articulate the systemic standards whose breach constitutes institutional fault. Systemic negligence is framed through four cumulative elements: a duty of care, a gross and systemic breach, a meaningful causal link, and a constitutive consequence in the form of clinically documented violations of psychological integrity.References
Book
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR). 5th ed., Text Revision. Washington DC: APA Publishing, 2022.
Fisse, Brent, dan John Braithwaite. Corporations, Crime and Accountability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Fleming, John G. The Law of Torts. 9th ed. Sydney: LBC Information Services, 1998.
Gobert, James, dan Maurice Punch. Rethinking Corporate Crime. London: Butterworths, 2003.
Gultom, Maidin. Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak di Indonesia. Edisi Revisi. Bandung: Refika Aditama, 2014.
Hart, H.L.A., dan Tony Honoré. Causation in the Law. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. Edisi Revisi. Jakarta: Kencana, 2014.
Olweus, Dan. Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1993.
Reason, James. Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997.
Sjahdeini, Sutan Remy. Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi. Jakarta: Grafiti Pers, 2007.
van der Kolk, Bessel A. The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. New York: Penguin Books, 2014.
Wells, Celia. Corporations and Criminal Responsibility. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Geneva: WHO, 2019.
Journals and Book Chapters
Ali, Mahrus. “Reformulasi Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi pada Sektor Pelayanan Publik.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 28, no. 3 (2021): 481–502.
Bucy, Pamela H. “Corporate Ethos: A Standard for Imposing Corporate Criminal Liability.” Minnesota Law Review 75 (1991): 1095–1184.
Christianto, Hwian. “Korporasi sebagai Subjek Hukum Pidana dalam KUHP Nasional 2023.” Jurnal Yudisial 16, no. 2 (2023): 217–238.
Coffee, John C., Jr. “No Soul to Damn, No Body to Kick: An Unscandalized Inquiry into the Problem of Corporate Punishment.” Michigan Law Review 79 (1981): 386–459.
Copeland, William E., et al. “Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Bullying and Being Bullied by Peers in Childhood and Adolescence.” JAMA Psychiatry 70, no. 4 (2013): 419–426.
Fitriasih, Surastini. “Implementasi Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi di Sektor Non-Ekonomi.” Jurnal Hukum Pidana dan Kriminologi 5, no. 1 (2024): 1–24.
Gobert, James. “Corporate Criminality: Four Models of Fault.” Legal Studies 14, no. 3 (1994): 393–410.
Hiariej, Eddy O.S. “Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi dalam KUHP Baru.” Mimbar Hukum 35, no. 1 (2023): 45–68.
Hsiao, Mark. “Abandonment of the Doctrine of Attribution in Favour of Gross Negligence Test in the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007.” Company Lawyer 30, no. 4 (2009): 110–115.
Kanemoto, Yoshitaka. “Legal Responses to School Bullying in Japan: Between Administrative Sanction and Civil Liability.” Asian Journal of Law and Society 9, no. 1 (2022): 89–112.
Kim, Sun-Geun, dan Hye-Ryeon Lee. “Institutional Liability for School Violence in South Korea: Lessons from the 2023 Reform.” Journal of Asian Comparative Law 14, no. 2 (2023): 215–240.
Michaels, Ralf. “The Functional Method of Comparative Law.” Dalam The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law, ed. Mathias Reimann dan Reinhard Zimmermann, 345–389. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Mykitiuk, Roxanne, dan Jennifer Llewellyn. “Restorative Justice and the Right to Psychological Integrity.” International Journal of Restorative Justice 5, no. 2 (2022): 187–211.
Prihandono, Iman, dan Pranoto. “Aggregation Theory dalam Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi: Suatu Kajian Komparatif.” Mimbar Hukum 33, no. 2 (2021): 312–334.
Sastranegara, Reza, dan Topo Santoso. “Pengembangan Doktrin Identifikasi pada Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Korporasi di Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of Criminal Law Studies 8, no. 1 (2023): 75–98.
Simester, A.P. “Why Omissions Are Special.” Legal Theory 1, no. 3 (1995): 311–335.
Takizawa, Ryu, Barbara Maughan, dan Louise Arseneault. “Adult Health Outcomes of Childhood Bullying Victimization.” American Journal of Psychiatry 171, no. 7 (2014): 777–784.
Legislation and Decisions
Republic of Indonesia. The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Republic of Indonesia. Law Number 16 of 2001 concerning Foundations in conjunction with Law Number 28 of 2004.
Republic of Indonesia. Law Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System.
Republic of Indonesia. Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Amendments to Law Number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection.
Republic of Indonesia. Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code.
Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia. Supreme Court Regulation Number 13 of 2016 concerning Procedures for Handling Criminal Cases by Corporations.
Republic of Indonesia. Regulation of the Minister of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology Number 46 of 2023 concerning the Prevention and Handling of Violence in Educational Units.
Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia. Decision Number 1/PUU-XI/2013.
Australia. Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth).
Japan. Act on the Promotion of Measures to Prevent Bullying (Ijime Boshi Taisaku Suishin Hō), Act No. 71 of 2013.
Republic of Korea. Act on the Prevention of and Countermeasures Against Violence in Schools, Act No. 7935 of 2004.
Republic of the Philippines. Republic Act No. 10627 (Anti-Bullying Act of 2013).
United Kingdom. Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007.
House of Lords. Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass [1972] AC 153.
House of Lords. Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd[2002] UKHL 22.
Report
Indonesian Child Protection Commission.KPAI Annual Report 2023. Jakarta: KPAI, 2023.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Jimmi Marliston P. Aritonang, Rezi Rezi, Aryono Aryono
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
