Publication Ethics

1. Ethical Principles

JIHAD: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum dan Administrasi, published by Lembaga Penelitian dan Pendidikan (LPP) Mandala, is committed to maintaining the highest standards of publication ethics and academic integrity. This policy applies to authors, editors, reviewers, the publisher, and all parties involved in the journal's publication process.

The journal's publication ethics framework is guided by the principles set out in the Regulation of the Head of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Number 5 of 2014 concerning the Code of Ethics for Scientific Publication, together with widely accepted international principles of responsible scholarly publishing, including guidance from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

The journal upholds the principles of honesty, fairness, objectivity, confidentiality, transparency, accountability, and respect for intellectual property. Editorial decisions must be based on the scholarly merit, originality, relevance, and academic quality of submitted manuscripts, without discrimination on the basis of the authors' institutional affiliation, nationality, gender, religion, political views, or other personal characteristics.

2. Responsibilities of the Publisher

LPP Mandala is responsible for supporting the journal's editorial independence and maintaining the integrity of its publication process. The publisher shall:

Support editors in implementing ethical and transparent editorial procedures.
Ensure that publication fees and other relevant publishing policies are clearly disclosed on the journal website.
Ensure that financial considerations do not influence editorial decisions regarding the acceptance or rejection of manuscripts.
Support the investigation of suspected publication misconduct and the implementation of appropriate corrective actions.
Maintain the journal website, publication records, and access to published content in accordance with applicable policies and technical capabilities.
Respect the independence of editorial decisions and refrain from improperly influencing the assessment of individual manuscripts.

The publisher and editorial team shall work together to protect the credibility of the journal and the scholarly record.

3. Responsibilities of Editors

Editors are responsible for managing manuscripts fairly, independently, and confidentially throughout the editorial process. Their responsibilities include:

Evaluating submitted manuscripts according to the journal's aims and scope, originality, scholarly contribution, methodological or analytical soundness, and relevance to the journal's readership.
Ensuring that editorial decisions are made objectively and are not influenced by personal relationships, institutional affiliations, commercial interests, or publication fees.
Selecting qualified reviewers with relevant expertise and, where practicable, without conflicts of interest involving the authors or the submitted work.
Protecting the confidentiality of submitted manuscripts, reviewer identities where applicable, editorial correspondence, and all non-public information obtained during the review process.
Ensuring that manuscripts are handled in accordance with the journal's published peer-review procedures.
Refraining from using unpublished information contained in submitted manuscripts for personal research or professional advantage without the authors' permission.
Investigating allegations of plagiarism, duplicate publication, data fabrication, data falsification, authorship misconduct, and other breaches of publication ethics.
Providing authors with clear editorial decisions and constructive feedback where appropriate.
Managing corrections, expressions of concern, retractions, and other post-publication actions when necessary to maintain the integrity of the scholarly record.
Recusing themselves from editorial decisions when a conflict of interest could compromise, or reasonably be perceived to compromise, their impartiality. Such manuscripts should be assigned to an appropriate independent editor.

Editors retain responsibility for editorial decisions. Automated systems and artificial intelligence tools must not independently determine whether a manuscript is accepted or rejected.

4. Responsibilities of Reviewers

Reviewers play an important role in evaluating the scholarly quality and integrity of manuscripts submitted to JIHAD. Reviewers are expected to:

Provide objective, evidence-based, and constructive assessments of the manuscript's originality, relevance, methods, analysis, interpretation, and contribution to the field.
Treat submitted manuscripts and all information obtained during peer review as confidential.
Decline a review invitation when they lack the relevant expertise, cannot complete the review within a reasonable period, or have a conflict of interest.
Identify relevant publications that have not been cited by the authors and inform the editor of substantial similarities with other works or suspected research misconduct.
Avoid personal criticism, discriminatory language, coercive citation requests, and recommendations intended primarily to increase their own citation counts or those of associated researchers.
Refrain from using unpublished manuscript content for personal or professional purposes without authorization.
Disclose any relevant conflict of interest to the editor as soon as it becomes apparent.
Avoid uploading confidential manuscripts, reviewer reports, or related non-public materials to public generative artificial intelligence services. Reviewers must not delegate their scholarly evaluation to AI tools.

Reviewers provide recommendations to support editorial decisions. The final decision remains the responsibility of the editor.

5. Responsibilities of Authors

Authors submitting manuscripts to JIHAD must comply with the following requirements.

5.1 Originality and originality-related misconduct

Authors must ensure that submitted manuscripts constitute original scholarly work and that all sources, ideas, quotations, data, and materials derived from other works are appropriately acknowledged.

The journal does not accept plagiarism, inappropriate text recycling, duplicate publication, simultaneous submission to multiple journals, data fabrication, data falsification, manipulated research results, or citation manipulation.

Manuscripts must not contain knowingly false or misleading statements. Authors must obtain permission to reproduce copyrighted material where required.

5.2 Authorship and contributorship

Authorship must be limited to individuals who have made substantial intellectual or scholarly contributions to the research, analysis, interpretation, or preparation of the manuscript and who accept responsibility for the published work.

All listed authors must:

Approve the final version of the manuscript.
Agree to its submission to JIHAD.
Accept responsibility for the integrity of their contributions.
Agree on the author list and the order of authorship before submission.

Gift authorship, guest authorship, ghost authorship, and the omission of legitimate contributors are unacceptable.

The corresponding author is responsible for communicating with the editorial office and ensuring that all co-authors are informed of significant editorial decisions. Changes to authorship after submission must be justified and approved in writing by all affected authors, subject to the editor's assessment.

Artificial intelligence tools cannot be listed as authors.

5.3 Research integrity and ethical approval

Authors must conduct and report their research in accordance with applicable laws, institutional requirements, and relevant ethical standards.

Research involving human participants, personal data, interviews, surveys, or other ethically sensitive materials must demonstrate appropriate ethical oversight and informed consent where required by applicable regulations and institutional policies.

Authors must protect participants' privacy and confidentiality, avoid unauthorized disclosure of identifiable information, and report ethical approval details when applicable.

For legal and administrative studies involving publicly available laws, regulations, court decisions, or official documents, authors must accurately identify and cite their sources and respect applicable restrictions on access, confidentiality, and data protection.

5.4 Data accuracy and research transparency

Authors are responsible for the accuracy and integrity of the data, evidence, analysis, and conclusions presented in their manuscripts.

Authors must not fabricate, falsify, or selectively manipulate data to support predetermined conclusions. Research methods and analytical procedures should be reported with sufficient clarity to permit scholarly assessment.

Authors should retain relevant research records and provide supporting data or documentation when reasonably requested by the editor, subject to legal, ethical, confidentiality, and data-protection restrictions.

Where appropriate, authors should include a data availability statement explaining whether supporting data are publicly available, available upon reasonable request, restricted for ethical or legal reasons, or not applicable.

5.5 Funding and conflicts of interest

Authors must disclose financial or non-financial relationships that could reasonably be perceived as influencing their research, analysis, interpretation, or conclusions.

All sources of research funding and relevant sponsor involvement must be acknowledged. Where no relevant conflicts of interest exist, authors should provide an explicit declaration to that effect.

5.6 Citation and acknowledgement

Authors must cite relevant sources accurately and provide appropriate acknowledgement of contributions that do not qualify for authorship.

References must support the claims for which they are cited. Authors must not include fabricated references, knowingly inaccurate citations, or references selected primarily to manipulate citation metrics.

5.7 Use of artificial intelligence

Authors are responsible for the originality, accuracy, validity, and integrity of every part of their submitted manuscripts, including material produced with artificial intelligence tools.

Generative AI tools must not be listed as authors or co-authors. When such tools materially contribute to manuscript preparation, image or graphical production, coding, data collection, or data analysis, authors must disclose the tool used, its purpose, and the nature and extent of its contribution in the relevant section of the manuscript or an appropriate disclosure statement.

Authors must independently verify AI-assisted content, references, factual claims, calculations, and interpretations. AI-generated references that cannot be verified must not be included.

The use of AI must not be used to fabricate evidence, falsify results, manipulate research images, misrepresent the provenance of data, or conceal plagiarism. The authors remain fully accountable for any ethical or scholarly breach arising from the use of these tools.

5.8 Corrections after submission or publication

Authors must promptly notify the editor if they discover a material error, omission, or other issue that could affect the validity or interpretation of their submitted or published work.

Authors are expected to cooperate with editorial investigations and to provide relevant explanations, data, documentation, or corrections when reasonably requested.

6. Peer Review and Editorial Decisions

JIHAD applies editorial assessment and peer review to evaluate the scholarly suitability and quality of submitted manuscripts. Manuscripts may be screened for relevance, originality, completeness, and compliance with the journal's requirements before being sent for review.

Reviewers are selected according to their relevant expertise and the absence of disqualifying conflicts of interest. Reviewers provide independent assessments, while editors evaluate the reviewers' recommendations and make the final editorial decision.

The journal's specific peer-review model, arrangements for protecting author and reviewer identities, and any exceptions to the review process must be stated separately in the journal's peer-review policy and applied consistently.

Editorial decisions are based on scholarly merit, ethical compliance, and the journal's aims and scope. Payment of publication fees does not guarantee acceptance and must not influence the outcome of peer review.

7. Conflicts of Interest

All parties involved in the publication process must disclose relationships or interests that could compromise, or reasonably be perceived to compromise, their impartiality.

Authors must disclose relevant financial and non-financial interests. Editors and reviewers must inform the journal of conflicts involving personal relationships, professional competition, financial interests, collaborative relationships, or other circumstances that could affect objective assessment.

When a conflict of interest is identified, the journal shall take appropriate measures, which may include reassignment of the manuscript to another editor or reviewer.

8. Plagiarism and Research Misconduct

JIHAD does not tolerate plagiarism, duplicate or redundant publication, fabricated or falsified data, manipulated images or evidence, inappropriate authorship, citation manipulation, or other forms of publication misconduct.

The editorial team may use appropriate screening tools, documentary checks, and scholarly assessment to identify potential misconduct. Similarity scores or automated screening results shall be interpreted in context and should not, by themselves, be treated as definitive proof of misconduct.

When a concern is raised, the journal shall assess the available evidence fairly and confidentially. Authors may be asked to provide an explanation, supporting data, original materials, or other relevant documentation.

Depending on the nature and seriousness of the findings, appropriate actions may include rejection of the manuscript, a request for correction, an expression of concern, retraction of a published article, or referral to the relevant institution or authority when warranted.

The journal shall handle allegations impartially and in accordance with applicable ethical guidance and due process.

9. Complaints and Appeals

Authors, reviewers, readers, and other interested parties may submit complaints concerning editorial decisions, peer-review procedures, publication ethics, authorship, conflicts of interest, or possible research misconduct.

Appeals against editorial decisions should include the manuscript identification details, the decision being challenged, the grounds for the appeal, and relevant supporting information.

Complaints and appeals should be submitted through the journal's official OJS contact channel or the official editorial office contact published on the journal website.

The journal shall assess complaints objectively and confidentially. Where a complaint concerns an editor or another person directly involved in the matter, an impartial person not implicated in the complaint should be assigned to review it where practicable.

An appeal may be considered when there is relevant new evidence, a material procedural error, or another substantive reason to reconsider the decision. Disagreement with an editorial assessment alone does not automatically warrant reversal of a decision.

10. Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions

The journal is committed to maintaining the accuracy and integrity of its published scholarly record.

When a material error is identified in a published article, the journal shall determine whether a correction or another appropriate notice is necessary. Where credible concerns about an article's integrity remain unresolved and readers need to be alerted, the journal may publish an expression of concern.

Retraction may be considered when there is reliable evidence of serious research or publication misconduct, substantial unreliability of the findings, duplicate publication, or another compelling reason that undermines the integrity of the article.

Correction and retraction decisions shall be made following an appropriate assessment of the evidence and, where applicable, an opportunity for the authors to respond. Notices should clearly identify the affected article and explain the reason for the action to the extent appropriate.

The journal shall maintain an identifiable publication record and provide clear links between affected articles and their correction or retraction notices, subject to applicable legal and ethical requirements.

11. Confidentiality and Privacy

Information submitted to the journal, including manuscript files, reviewer reports, author details, editorial correspondence, and non-public research materials, shall be handled with appropriate confidentiality.

Such information shall be shared only with individuals who require access for legitimate editorial, review, publishing, or integrity-related purposes, or where disclosure is required by applicable law or a proper ethical investigation.

Personal information collected through the journal website shall be managed in accordance with the journal's Privacy Statement and applicable data-protection requirements.

12. Publication Fees and Editorial Independence

Any submission fees, review fees, publication charges, or other author fees must be clearly stated in the journal's relevant fee policy.

Payment of any fee does not constitute a guarantee of acceptance or publication. Editorial decisions must remain independent of payment status, commercial interests, and other non-scholarly considerations.

Any changes to author fees shall be communicated transparently through the journal website.

13. Implementation and Review of this Policy

All authors, editors, reviewers, and other parties involved in the publication process are expected to comply with this Publication Ethics policy.

The editorial team and publisher are responsible for communicating this policy and applying it consistently. The journal may revise this policy when necessary to address changes in scholarly publishing standards, ethical guidance, applicable regulations, or editorial practice.

Any revised policy shall be made publicly available on the official JIHAD journal website.

Policy reference: Regulation of the Head of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Number 5 of 2014 concerning the Code of Ethics for Scientific Publication; relevant guidance from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE); and the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing developed by COPE, DOAJ, OASPA, and WAME.