Online Learning Readiness among Junior High School Students
Abstract
Online learning has been helping students to access education in difficult situation, especially during the pandemic. Online learning readiness could be described through three dimensions: preference, beliefs and competence, and self-directed learning. The aim of the current study was to investigate the online learning readiness of junior-high-school students using the Online Learning Readiness Scale (OLRS). Specifically, the study examined whether there was a difference in terms of online learning readiness between eighth-grader female and male students. A sample of 116 8th graders (52 females and 64 males) from a private madrasah school in North Jakarta were used as participants in the study. The results show that most of the students were moderately ready for online learning. Based on a simple independent samples t-test, the results did not establish a statistically significant difference in online learning readiness between male students and female students. The results of the analysis showed that online learning readiness seemed to be more significantly affected by self-directed learning and computer self-efficacy, which had higher mean scores. We recommend, therefore, that online learning readiness may work well by paying attention to the intrinsic motivation of learners and access to the internet, as well as online learning tools.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abrar, M., Mukminin, A., Habibi, A., Asyrafi, F., & Marzulina, L. (2018). " If our English
isn't a language, what is it?" Indonesian EFL Student Teachers' Challenges Speaking English. The Qualitative Report, 23(1), 129-145.
Agustiani, I. W. D., Gumartifa, A., & Yaman, H. (2021). Readiness to learn: Principles
contributing factors and how it affects learning. English Community Journal, 5(2), 102-119.
Albelbisi, N., & Yusop, F. (2019). “Factors influencing learners’ self –regulated learning
skills in a massive open online course (MOOC) environment”. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 20, 1-16.
Albert, L. J., & Johnson, C. S. (2011). Socioeconomic status-and gender-based differences in
students' perceptions of e-learning systems. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education, 9(3), 421-436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4609.2011.00320.x
Anam, C., & Rusydiyah, E. F. (2021). Utilization of E-learning madrasah in optimization of
learning Al-Quran Hadith. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Indonesia, 6(1). Doi: 10.35316/jpii.v6i1.327
Anene, J. N., Imam, H., & Odumuh, T. (2014). Problem and prospect e-learning in Nigerian
universities. International Journal of Technology and Inclusive Education, 3(2), 320–327. https://doi.org/10.20533/ijtie.2047.0533.2014.0041
Apriliana, N. (2021). The problem of online learning in islamic primary school in
Yogyakarta. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Education Studies (IJIES). https://doi.org/10.33367/ijies.v4i1.1593
Arnold, J. C., Kuh, G. D., Vesper, N., & Schuh, J. H. (1993). Student age and enrollment
status as determinants of learning and personal development at metropolitan institutions. Journal of College Student Development, 34(1), 11–16.
Atkinson, J., & Blankenship, R. (2009). Online learning readiness of undergraduate college
students: A comparison between male and female students. The Journal of Learning in Higher Education, 5, 49-56.
Aydin, S. (2011). Internet anxiety among foreign language learners. TechTrends: Linking
Research & Practice to Improve Learning, 55(2), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-011-0483-y
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli,C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Multifaceted impact of
self-efficacy beliefs on academic functioning. Child development, 1206-1222.
Berlianto, & Santoso, H. B. (2018). Indonesian perspective on massive open online courses:
Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Educators Online. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1168947.pdf
Bovermann, K., Weidlich, J., & Bastiaens, T. (2018). Online learning readiness and attitudes
towards gaming in gamified online learning–a mixed methods case study. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 15(1), 1-17.
Castro, M. D. B., & Tumibay, G. M. (2021). A literature review: efficacy of online learning
courses for higher education institution using meta-analysis. Education and Information Technologies, 26, 1367-1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10027-z
Chaturvedi, K., Vishwakarma, D. K., & Singh, N. (2021). COVID-19 and its impact on
education, social life and mental health of students: A survey. Children and Youth Services Review, 121, 105866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105866
Chu, R. J., & Tsai, C. C. (2009). Self-directed learning readiness, internet self-efficacy, and
preferences toward constructivist Internet-based learning environments among adult learners. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 25, 489-501. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2009.00324.x
Chung, E., Subramaniam, G., & Dass, L. C. (2020). Online learning readiness among
university students in Malaysia amidst Covid-19. Asian Journal of University Education (AJUE), 16(2). https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v16i2.10294
Cingdem, H., & Yildirim, O. G. (2014). Effects of Students’ Characteristics on Online
Learning Readiness: A Vocational College Example. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education (TOJDE), 15(3), 8.
Dangol, R., & Shrestha, M. (2021). Contribution of gender on learning readiness among
school students of Nepal. Journal of Curriculum Studies Research, 3(2), 19-36.
Darmayanti, T. (1993). Readiness for self-directed learning and achievement of the students
of universitas terbuka (the indonesian open learning university). [Master’s Thesis, University of Victoria]. Koleksi Perpustakaan Universitas Terbuka
Davis, F. D. (1989) Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of
information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3): 319–340
Deci, E .L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human
behavior. New York: Plenum.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). “The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs
and the self-determination of behavior”. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.
du Toit-Brits, C., & van Zyl, C. M. (2017). Self-directed learning characteristics: making
learning personal, empowering and successful. Africa Education Review, 14(3-4), 122-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2016.1267576
El-Gayar, O., Moran, M., & Hawkes, M. (2011). Students’ acceptance of tablet PCs and
implications for educational institutions. Educational Technology and Society, 14(2), 58-70. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.14.2.58
Engin, M. (2017). Analysis of students' online learning readiness based on their emotional
intelligence level. Universal Journal of Education Research, 5(12A), 32-40. doi: 10.13189/ujer.2017.051306
Firat, M., & Bozkurt, A. (2020). Variables affecting online learning readiness in an open and
distance learning university. Educational Media International, 57(2), 112-127.
Firmansyah, H., & Minandar, F. (2021). The use of Madrasah E-Learning for online learning
during the covid-19 pandemic. Al-Ishlah Jurnal Pendidikan, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v13i1.503
Fong-Silva, W., Severiche-Sierra, C. A., Jaimes-Morales, J., Marrugo-Ligardo, Y. A., &
Espinosa-Fuentes, E. A. (2017). Cognition and its relationship with endogenous and exogenous factors in engineering students. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(17), 6929-6933.
Garrison, D. R. (1997). Self-directed learning: toward a comprehensive model. Adult
Education Quarterly, 48(1), 18–33.
Guglielmino, L. M. (1977). Development of the self-directed learning readiness scale.
[Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia].
Hadriana, Mahdum, Isjoni, Futra, D., & Primahardani, I. (2021). Online learning
management in the era of COVID-19 pandemic at junior high schools in Indonesia. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 20, 351-383. https://doi.org/10.28945/4819
Halim, B. A., Zainudin, S. N., Fuzi, S. F., Jama, S. R., Zahidi, N. E., Hussain, N. J., &
Hassan, W. H. W. (2022). Online distance learning readiness among students: A comparative study between mathematics and statistics courses. Jurnal Intelek, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.24191/ji.v17i1.15853
Hamzah, F., Phong, S. Y., Sharifudin, M. A. S., Zain, Z. M., & Rahim, M. (2021). Exploring
students’ readiness on English language blended learning. Asian Journal of University Education (AJUE), 16(4). https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v16i4.11948
Handarini, O. I., & Wulandari, S. S. (2020). Pembelajaran daring sebagai upaya study from
home (SFH) selama pandemi Covid 19. Jurnal Pendidikan Administrasi Perkantoran (JPAP), 8(3). https://journal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jpap/article/view/8503/4094
Herguner, G., Yaman, C., Sari, S.C., Yaman, M. S., & Donmez, A. (2021). The effect of
online learning attitudes of sport sciences students on their learning readiness to learn online in the era of the new coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19). TOJET: The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 20(1). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1290854.pdf
Hidayati, R. E. (2021). Effectiveness of online learning using Madrasah E-Learning In the
pandemic Covid-19. INOVASI. https://doi.org/10.52048/inovasi.v15i1.185
Hoban, J. D., Lawson, S. R., Mazmanian, P. E., Best, A. M., & Seibel, H. R. (2005). The self‐
directed learning readiness scale: A factor analysis study. Medical education, 39(4), 370-379.
Hung, M. L., Chou, C., Chen, C. H., Own, Z. Y. (2010). Learner readiness for online
learning: Scale development and student perceptions. Computers & Education, 55, 1080-1090. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.05.004
Isaac, O., Aldholay, A., Abdullah, Z., & Ramayah, T. (2019). Online learning usage within
Yemeni higher education: The role of compatibility and task-technology fit as mediating variables in the IS success model. Computers & Education, 136, 113-129.
Kabir, H., Tonmon, T. T., Hasan, M. K., Biswas, L., Chowdhury, A. H., Islam, M. D.,
Rahman, M., & Mitra, D. K. (2022). Association between preference and e-learning readiness among the Bangladeshi female nursing students in the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 46, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-022-00697-0
Keller, C., Hrastinski, S., & Carlsson, S. (2007). Students’ acceptance of e-learning
environments: A comparative study in Sweden and Lithuania. In Osterle, S. J, (Ed.), Proceedings of the Fifteenth European Conference on Information Systems (pp. 395-406). St. Gallen: University of St. Gallen. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-3099
Knowles, M. S. (1975). Self-directed learning: A guide for learners and teachers. New York:
Association Press
Magogwe, J. M., Mokibelo, E. B., & Karabo, L. (2022). Online learning during COVID-19:
Readiness of communication and academic literacy skills students at the university of Botswana. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 21(1). http://www.tojet.net/articles/v21i1/2118.pdf
Mai, V. L. T. (2022) Readiness for online learning: Learners’ comfort and self-directed
learning ability. International Journal of TESOL & Education, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.54855/ijte.222113
McVay, M. (2000). Developing a web-based distance student orientation to enhance student
success in an online bachelor’s degree completion program. [Unpublished practicum report presented to the Ed.D. Program, Nova Southeastern University, USA].
Millians, M. (2011). Learning readiness. In: Goldstein S., Naglieri J.A. (eds) Encyclopedia
of Child Behavior and Development. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_1631
Moreno-Guerrero, A., Aznar-Díaz, I., Cáceres-Reche, P., & Alonso-García, S. (2020).
E-learning in the teaching of mathematics: An educational experience in adult high school. Mathematics, 8(5), 840. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8050840.
Morris, T. H. (2019). An analysis of Rolf Arnold’s systemic-constructivist perspective on
self-directed learning. In M. Rohs, M. Schiefner-Rohs, I. Schüßler, & H.-J. Müller (Eds), Educational perspectives on transformations and change processes (pp. 301–313). WBV Verlag
Morris, T. H., & Rohs, M. (2021). The potential for digital technology to support
self-directed learning in formal education of children: a scoping review. Interactive Learning Environments, 1–14. doi:10.1080/10494820.2020.1870501
Naji, K. K., Du, X., Tarlochan, F., Ebead, U., Hasan, M. A., & Al-Ali, A. K. (2020).
Engineering students’ readiness to transition to emergency online learning in response to COVID-19: Case of Qatar. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(10). https://doi.org/10.29333/EJMSTE/8474
Padmo, D., & Ardiasih, L. S. (2020). Online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic and
its effect on future education in Indonesia. The Impact of COVID-19 on the international education system, 71-86. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.51432/978-1-8381524-0-6_5
Prihastiwi, W. J., Prastuti, E., & Eva, N. (2021). E-Learning readiness and learning
engagement during the Covid-19 pandemic. KnE Social Sciences, 3, 244–253.
https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v4i15.8212
Purwantoro, A., Asari, S., & Maruf, N. (2021). The effectiveness of E-Learning Madrasah in
English teaching and learning. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i3.2314
Ramadhana, M. R., Putra, A., Pramonojati, T. A., Haqqu, R., Dirgantara, P., Ismail, O. A.,
Wijaksono, D. S. (2021). Learning readiness as a predictor of academic resilience in online learning during school from home. Library Philosophy and Practice (ejournal) 5362. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/5362?utm_source=digitalcommons.unl.edu%2Flibphilprac%2F5362&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
Reda, A., & Dennis, M. (1992). Cognitive style, gender, attitude toward computer-assisted
learning and academic achievement. Educational studies, 18(2), 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305569920180202
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions
and New Directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. doi:10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
Sihombing, A. A., & Fatra, M. (2021). Distance learning during the pandemic era: Online
learning experiences of state madrasah Tsanawiyah students during COVID-19 in Indonesia. Analisa Journal of Social Science and Religion, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v6i01.1235
Simonds, T. A., & Brock, B. L. (2014). Relationship between age, experience, and student
preference for types of learning activities in online courses. Journal of Educators Online, 11(1), 1-19.
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York: Macmillan
Smith, P. J. (2005). Learning preferences and readiness for online learning. Educational
Psychology, 25(1), 3–12. doi:10.1080/0144341042000294868
Smith, P. J., Murphy, K. L., & Mahoney, S. E. (2003). Towards identifying factors
underlying readiness for online learning: an exploratory study. Distance Education, 24(1), 57–67.
Srimulat F. E., Siregar, J. S., Budiman, S., Ritonga, M., & Ruwaidah (2022). College student
readiness for online learning: An exploratory study. Edukatif: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 4(1), 176-184. https://doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v4i1.1774
Stansfield, M., McLellan, E., & Connolly, T. M. (2004). Enhancing student performance in
online learning and traditional face-to-face class delivery. Journal of Information Technology Education, 3, 173–188.
Sungur-Gül, K., & Ateş, H. (2021). Understanding pre-service teachers’ mobile learning
readiness using theory of planned behavior. Educational Technology & Society, 24(2), 44-57.
Tang, Y. M., Chen, P. C., Law, K. M. Y., Wu, C. H., Lau, Y., Guan, J., He, D., & Ho, G. T.
S. (2021). Comparative analysis of Student's live online learning readiness during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in the higher education sector. Computers & Education, 168, 104211. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104211
Tekkol, I. A., & Demirel, M. (2018). An investigation of self-directed learning skills of
undergraduate students. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02324
Warner, D., Christie, G., & Choy, S. (1998). Readiness of VET clients for flexible delivery
including on-line learning. Brisbane: Australian National Training Authority
Whitely, B. E. Jr., (1997). Gender differences in computer related attitudes and behavior: A
meta analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 13(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0747-5632(96)00026-X
Widjaja, A., E., & Chen, J. V. (2017). Online learners’ motivation in online learning: The
effect of online-participation, social presence, and collaboration. Learning Technologies, 72-93. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321992187_Online_Learners%27_Motivation_in_Online_Learning_The_Effect_of_Online-Participation_Social_Presence_and_Collaboration
Yu, Z. (2021). A meta-analysis of gender differences in e-learning outcomes. Research
Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-493822/v1
Zhoc, K. C. H., & Chen, G. (2016). Reliability and validity evidence for the Self-Directed
Learning Scale (SDLS). Learning and Individual Differences, 49, 245-250. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.06.013
Zou, C., Li, P., & Li, J. (2021). Online college english education in wuhan against the
COVID-19 pandemic: Student and teacher readiness, challenges and implications. PLoS One, 16(10) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258137
Zuhri, M. T., Agung, B., & Ramdhani, K. (2020). Effectiveness of the use of Madras
E-Learning applications during the Covid Pandemic 19 (case study at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Bandung). At-Ta’dib Journal of Pesantren Education. http://dx.doi.org/10.21111/at-tadib.v15i1.4887
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.58258/jime.v8i4.3865
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Cristella Tasha, Regina Yanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
JIME: Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education (p-issn: 2442-9511;e-issn: 2656-5862) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Jurnal ini diterbitkan oleh Lembaga Penelitian dan Pendidikan (LPP) Mandala.